Síndrome coronario agudo: más allá de la troponina.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
PDF (Español (España))
FLIP
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
El síndrome coronario agudo es la primera manifestación de enfermedad cardiovascular y la primera causa de mortalidad a
nivel mundial. Solo uno de cada 5 pacientes evaluados por dolor torácico en urgencias tendrá diagnóstico final de infarto
de miocardio. Un abordaje escalonado que incluya la historia clínica, la evaluación hemodinámica y el electrocardiograma,
permite determinar adecuadamente las estrategias de intervención para cada paciente. El momento exacto para la
realización de estrategias invasivas depende del riesgo de complicaciones de cada paciente. La terapia antitrombótica es
fundamental para el tratamiento de los pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio, así como el conocimiento de los riesgos
de sangrado. El inició temprano de la corrección de los factores de riesgo y de la terapia de prevención secundaria mejora
los resultados a largo plazo.
Downloads
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
. Timmis A, Vardas P, Townsend N, Torbica A, Katus H, De Smedt D, et al. European Society of Cardiology: cardiovascular disease
statistics 2021. Eur Heart J 2022;43:716–799. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab892
Kuznetsova T. Sex differences in epidemiology of cardiac and vascular disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018; 1065:61–70.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77932-4_4
Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2021 update:
a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2021;143:e254–e743. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000950
Sugiyama T, Hasegawa K, Kobayashi Y, Takahashi O, Fukui T, Tsugawa Y. Differential time trends of outcomes and costs of care
for acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations by ST elevation and type of intervention in the United States, 2001–2011. J Am
Heart Assoc 2015;4:e001445. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.114.001445
Puymirat E, Simon T, Cayla G, Cottin Y, Elbaz M, Coste P, et al. Acute myocardial infarction: changes in patient characteristics,
management, and 6-month outcomes over a period of 20 years in the FAST-MI program (French registry of acute ST-elevation or
non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction) 1995 to 2015. Circulation 2017;136:1908–1919.
https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.117.030798
García-García C, Oliveras T, Serra J, Vila J, Rueda F, Cediel G, et al. Trends in short- and long-term ST-segment-elevation
myocardial infarction prognosis over 3 decades: a Mediterranean population-based ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction
registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2020;9:e017159. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.017159
Gale CP, Allan V, Cattle BA, Hall AS, West RM, Timmis A, et al. Trends in hospital treatments, including revascularisation, following
acute myocardial infarction, 2003–2010: a multilevel and relative survival analysis for the National Institute for Cardiovascular
Outcomes Research (NICOR). Heart 2014;100:582–589. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304517
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction
(2018). Eur Heart J 2019;40:237–269. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462
Robert A Byrne, Xavier Rossello, J J Coughlan, Emanuele Barbato, Colin Berry, Alaide Chieffo, Marc J Claeys, Gheorghe-Andrei
Dan, Marc R Dweck, Mary Galbraith, Martine Gilard, Lynne Hinterbuchner, Ewa A Jankowska, Peter Jüni, Takeshi Kimura, Vijay
Kunadian, Margret Leosdottir, Roberto Lorusso, Roberto F E Pedretti, Angelos G Rigopoulos, Maria Rubini Gimenez, Holger Thiele,
Pascal Vranckx, Sven Wassmann, Nanette Kass Wenger, Borja Ibanez, ESC Scientific Document Group , 2023 ESC Guidelines
for the management of acute coronary syndromes: Developed by the task force on the management of acute coronary syndromes
of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), European Heart Journal, Volume 44, Issue 38, 7 October 2023, Pages 3720–3826,
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191
Anderson HVS, Masri SC, Abdallah MS, Chang AM, Cohen MG, Elgendy IY, et al. 2022 ACC/AHA key data elements and definitions
for chest pain and acute myocardial infarction: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint
Committee on clinical data standards. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022;80:1660–1700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.05.012
Chiaramonte GR, Friend R. Medical students’ and residents’ gender bias in the diagnosis, treatment, and interpretation of coronary
heart disease symptoms. Health Psychol 2006;25:255–266. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.3.255
Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, Barthélémy O, Bauersachs J, Bhatt DL, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute
coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. The Task Force for the management of acute
R.F.S Revista Facultad de Salud Síndrome coronario agudo: más allá de la troponina.
Número suplementar, diciembre 2023: 37-57
R.F.S. Revista Facultad de Salud 52
coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Eur Heart J 2021;42:1289–1367. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575
Gimenez MR, Reiter M, Twerenbold R, Reichlin T, Wildi K, Haaf P, et al. Sex-specific chest pain characteristics in the early diagnosis
of acute myocardial infarction. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:241–249. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12199
Nestelberger T, Cullen L, Lindahl B, Reichlin T, Greenslade JH, Giannitsis E, et al. Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the
presence of left bundle branch block. Heart 2019;105:1559–1567. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314673
Meyer MR, Radovanovic D, Pedrazzini G, Rickli H, Roffi M, Rosemann T, et al. Differences in presentation and clinical outcomes
between left or right bundle branch block and ST segment elevation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute
Cardiovasc Care 2020;9:848–856. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872620905101
Lai YC, Chen YH, Wu KH, Chen YC. Validation of the diagnosis and triage algorithm for acute myocardial infarction in the setting
of left bundle branch block. Am J Emerg Med 2020;38:2614–2619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.03.02
Neumann JT, Sorensen NA, Rubsamen N, Ojeda F, Schäfer S, Keller T, et al. Right bundle branch block in patients with suspected
myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2019;8:161–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872618809700
Rubini Gimenez M, Twerenbold R, Boeddinghaus J, Nestelberger T, Puelacher C, Hillinger P, et al. Clinical effect of sex-specific
cutoff values of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in suspected myocardial infarction. JAMA Cardiol 2016;1:912–920.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2882
Shah ASV, Anand A, Strachan FE, Ferry AV, Lee KK, Chapman AR, et al. High-sensitivity troponin in the evaluation of patients
with suspected acute coronary syndrome: a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2018;392:919–928.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31923-8
Ljung L, Lindahl B, Eggers KM, Frick M, Linder R, Löfmark HB, et al. A rule-out strategy based on high-sensitivity troponin and
HEART score reduces hospital admissions. Ann Emerg Med 2019;73:491–499.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.11.039
Boeddinghaus J, Lopez-Ayala P, Nestelberger T, Koechlin L, Münch T, Miro O, et al. Prospective validation of the ESC 0/1halgorithm using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I. Am J Cardiol 2021;158:152–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.08.007
Boeddinghaus J, Nestelberger T, Lopez-Ayala P, Koechlin L, Buechi M, Miro O, et al. Diagnostic performance of the European
Society of Cardiology 0/1-h algorithms in late presenters. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021;77:1264–1267.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.004
Badertscher P, Boeddinghaus J, Twerenbold R, Nestelberger T, Wildi K, Wussler D, et al. Direct comparison of the 0/1h and 0/3h
algorithms for early rule-out of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2018;137:2536–2538.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034260
Twerenbold R, Neumann JT, Sorensen NA, Ojeda F, Karakas M, Boeddinghaus J, et al. Prospective validation of the 0/1-h
algorithm for early diagnosis of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:620–632.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.040
Chew DP, Lambrakis K, Blyth A, Seshadri A, Edmonds MJR, Briffa T, et al. A randomized trial of a 1-hour troponin T protocol in
suspected acute coronary syndromes: the rapid assessment of possible acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department
with high-sensitivity troponin T study (RAPID-TnT). Circulation 2019;140:1543–1556.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042891
Stoyanov KM, Hund H, Biener M, Gandowitz J, Riedle C, Löhr J, et al. RAPID-CPU: a prospective study on implementation of the
ESC 0/1-hour algorithm and safety of discharge after rule-out of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care
;9:39–51.
Twerenbold R, Costabel JP, Nestelberger T, Campos R, Wussler D, Arbucci R, et al. Outcome of applying the ESC 0/1-hour
algorithm in patients with suspected myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:483–494.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.05.046
Nestelberger T, Boeddinghaus J, Wussler D, Twerenbold R, Badertscher P, Wildi K, et al. Predicting major adverse events in
patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:842–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.06.025
Nestelberger T, Wildi K, Boeddinghaus J, Twerenbold R, Reichlin T, Giménez MR, et al. Characterization of the observe zone of
the ESC 2015 high-sensitivity cardiac troponin 0h/1h-algorithm for the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol
;207:238–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.01.112
Dedic A,Lubbers MM,chaap j,Lammers j,Lamparas EJ,Rendiendo bj, et al. Angiografía coronaria por TC por sospecha de SCA en
la era de las troponinas de alta sensibilidad: estudio multicéntrico aleatorizado.J. Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67:dieciséis–26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.045
R.F.S Revista Facultad de Salud Síndrome coronario agudo: más allá de la troponina.
Número suplementar, diciembre 2023: 37-57
R.F.S. Revista Facultad de Salud 53
Gris AJ,Fondo del tejado C,Herrero JE,Goodacre S,Oatey k,O'Brien R, et al. Angiografía coronaria por tomografía computarizada
temprana en pacientes con sospecha de síndrome coronario agudo: ensayo controlado aleatorio.BMJ 2021;374:n2106.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2106
Kofoed KF, Engstrom T, Sigvardsen PE, Linde JJ, Torp-Pedersen C, de Knegt M, et al. Prognostic value of coronary CT
angiography in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021;77:1044–1052.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.12.037
Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a
quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 2003;361:13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12113-7
Hochman JS, Lamas GA, Buller CE, Dzavik V, Reynolds HR, Abramsky SJ, et al. Coronary intervention for persistent occlusion
after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2395–2407. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa066139
Menon V, Pearte CA, Buller CE, Steg PhG, Forman SA, White HD, et al. Lack of benefit from percutaneous intervention of
persistently occluded infarct arteries after the acute phase of myocardial infarction is time independent: insights from Occluded
Artery Trial. Eur Heart J 2009;30:183–191. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn486
Ioannidis JPA, Katritsis DG. Percutaneous coronary intervention for late reperfusion after myocardial infarction in stable patients.
Am Heart J 2007;154:1065–1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2007.07.049
Cantor WJ, Fitchett D, Borgundvaag B, Ducas J, Heffernan M, Cohen EA, et al. Routine early angioplasty after fibrinolysis for acute
myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2705–2718. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808276
Fazel R, Joseph TI, Sankardas MA, Pinto DS, Yeh RW, Kumbhani DJ, et al. Comparison of reperfusion strategies for ST-segmentelevation myocardial infarction: a multivariate network meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2020;9:e015186.
https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.015186
Abdel-Qadir H, Yan AT, Tan M, Borgia F, Piscione F, Di Mario C, et al. Consistency of benefit from an early invasive strategy after
fibrinolysis: a patient-level meta-analysis. Heart 2015;101:1554–1561. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015-307815
Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute
coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1045–1057. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0904327
Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with
acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2001–2015. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0706482
Aradi D, Kirtane A, Bonello L, Gurbel PA, Tantry US, Huber K, et al. Bleeding and stent thrombosis on P2Y12-inhibitors:
collaborative analysis on the role of platelet reactivity for risk stratification after percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur Heart J
;36:1762–1771. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv104
Gimbel M, Qaderdan K, Willemsen L, Hermanides R, Bergmeijer T, de Vrey E, et al. Clopidogrel versus ticagrelor or prasugrel in
patients aged 70 years or older with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (POPular AGE): the randomised, open-label, noninferiority trial. Lancet 2020;395:1374–1381. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30325-1
Schüpke S, Neumann FJ, Menichelli M, Mayer K, Bernlochner I, Wöhrle J, et al. Ticagrelor or prasugrel in patients with acute
coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1524–1534. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1908973
Montalescot G, van’t Hof AW, Lapostolle F, Silvain J, Lassen JF, Bolognese L, et al. Prehospital ticagrelor in ST-segment elevation
myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1016–1027. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1407024
Koul S, Smith JG, Götberg M, Omerovic E, Alfredsson J, Venetsanos D, et al. No benefit of ticagrelor pretreatment compared with
treatment during percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing
primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2018;11:e005528.
https://doi.org/10.1161/circinterventions.117.005528
Montalescot G, Bolognese L, Dudek D, Goldstein P, Hamm C, Tanguay J-F, et al. Pretreatment with prasugrel in non-ST-segment
elevation acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2013;369:999–1010. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1308075
Montalescot G, Zeymer U, Silvain J, Boulanger B, Cohen M, Goldstein P, et al. Intravenous enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin
in primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the international randomised open-label
ATOLL trial. Lancet 2011;378:693–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60876-3
Li Y, Liang Z, Qin L, Wang M, Wang X, Zhang H, et al. Bivalirudin plus a high-dose infusion versus heparin monotherapy in patients
with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomised trial. Lancet
;400:1847–1857. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01999-7
Silvain J, Beygui F, Barthélémy O, Pollack C, Cohen M, Zeymer U, et al. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated
heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012;344:e553.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e553
R.F.S Revista Facultad de Salud Síndrome coronario agudo: más allá de la troponina.
Número suplementar, diciembre 2023: 37-57
R.F.S. Revista Facultad de Salud 54
The Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes Investigators. Comparison of fondaparinux and
enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1464–1476. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa055443
Sabatine MS, Bergmark BA, Murphy SA, O’Gara PT, Smith PK, Serruys PW, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention with drugeluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting in left main coronary artery disease: an individual patient data meta-analysis.
Lancet 2021;398:2247–2257. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02334-5
Head SJ, Milojevic M, Daemen J, Ahn J-M, Boersma E, Christiansen EH, et al. Mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting
versus percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting for coronary artery disease: a pooled analysis of individual patient data.
Lancet 2018;391:939–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30423-9
Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD, et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction
complicated by cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 1999;341:625–634. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199908263410901
Thiele H, Akin I, Sandri M, Fuernau G, de Waha S, Meyer-Saraei R, et al. PCI strategies in patients with acute myocardial infarction
and cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2017;377:2419–2432. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1710261
Bainey KR, Engstrøm T, Smits PC, Gershlick AH, James SK, Storey RF, et al. Complete vs culprit-lesion-only revascularization for
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol 2020;5:881–888.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1251
Mehta SR, Wood DA, Storey RF, Mehran R, Bainey KR, Nguyen H, et al. Complete revascularization with multivessel PCI for
myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1411–1421. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1907775
Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, Bäck M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease
prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 2021;42:3227–3337. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484
Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, Ray KK, Packard CJ, Bruckert E, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European
Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J 2017;38:2459–2472. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx144
Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of
dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020;41:111–188.
Navarese EP, Kowalewski M, Andreotti F, van Wely M, Camaro C, Kolodziejczak M, et al. Meta-analysis of time-related benefits
of statin therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol
;113:1753–1764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.02.034
Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, McCagg A, White JA, Theroux P, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute
coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2387–2397. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1410489
Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, Bhatt DL, Bittner VA, Diaz R, et al. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute
coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2018;379:2097–2107. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa180117
Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, Brinton EA, Jacobson TA, Ketchum SB, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for
hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med 2019;380:11–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1812792
Rossello X, Raposeiras-Roubin S, Latini R, Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Barrabés JA, Sánchez PL, et al. Rationale and design of the
pragmatic clinical trial tREatment with Beta-blockers after myOcardial infarction withOut reduced ejection fracTion (REBOOT). Eur
Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2021;8:291–301. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab060
Munkhaugen J, Ruddox V, Halvorsen S, Dammen T, Fagerland MW, Hernæs KH, et al. BEtablocker Treatment After acute
Myocardial Infarction in revascularized patients without reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (BETAMI): rationale and design of
a prospective, randomized, open, blinded end point study. Am Heart J 2019;208:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2018.10.005
Kristensen AMD, Bovin A, Zwisler AD, Cerquira C, Torp-Pedersen C, Bøtker HE, et al. Design and rationale of the Danish trial of
beta-blocker treatment after myocardial infarction without reduced ejection fraction: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Trials 2020;21:415. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-4214-6
Watanabe H, Ozasa N, Morimoto T, Shiomi H, Bingyuan B, Suwa S, et al. Long-term use of carvedilol in patients with ST-segment
elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. PLoS One 2018;13:e0199347.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199347
Zeitouni M, Kerneis M, Lattuca B, Guedeney P, Cayla G, Collet JP, et al. Do patients need lifelong β-blockers after an
uncomplicated myocardial infarction? Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2019;19:431–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-019-00338-4
Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, Basta L, Brown EJ, Cuddy TE, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients
with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction–results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. N Engl J Med
;327:669–677. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199209033271001
R.F.S Revista Facultad de Salud Síndrome coronario agudo: más allá de la troponina.
Número suplementar, diciembre 2023: 37-57
R.F.S. Revista Facultad de Salud 55
The AIRE Study Investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical
evidence of heart failure. Lancet 1993;342:821–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)92693-N
Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Køber L, Maggioni AP, et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial
infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1893–1906.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa032292
Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Lewis EF, Granger CB, Køber L, Maggioni AP, et al. Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibition in acute
myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2021;385:1845–1855. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2104508
Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with
left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1309–1321. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030207
Montalescot G, Pitt B, Lopez de Sa E, Hamm CW, Flather M, Verheugt F, et al. Early eplerenone treatment in patients with acute
ST-elevation myocardial infarction without heart failure: the Randomized Double-Blind Reminder Study. Eur Heart J 2014;35:2295–
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu164
Cowie MR, Fisher M. SGLT2 inhibitors: mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit beyond glycaemic control. Nat Rev Cardiol
;17:761–772. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-0406-8
Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Erondu N, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in
type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017;377:644–657. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1611925
Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, Mosenzon O, Kato ET, Cahn A, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes.
N Engl J Med 2019;380:347–357. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1812389
Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Ferreira JP, Bocchi E, Böhm M, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection
fraction. N Engl J Med 2021;385:1451–1461. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107038
Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Claggett B, de Boer RA, DeMets D, Hernandez AF, et al. Dapagliflozin in heart failure with mildly
reduced or preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2022;387:1089–1098. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206286
Harrington J, Udell JA, Jones WS, Anker SD, Bhatt DL, Petrie MC, et al. Empagliflozin in patients post myocardial infarction
rationale and design of the EMPACT-MI trial. Am Heart J 2022;253:86–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2022.05.010
von Lewinski D, Kolesnik E, Tripolt NJ, Pferschy PN, Benedikt M, Wallner M, et al. Empagliflozin in acute myocardial infarction: the
EMMY trial. Eur Heart J 2022;43:4421–4432. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac494
Kristensen SL, Rørth R, Jhund PS, Docherty KF, Sattar N, Preiss D, et al. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with
GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials.
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019;7:776–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30249-9
Lai KC, Lam SK, Chu KM, Wong BCY, Hui WM, Hu WHC, et al. Lansoprazole for the prevention of recurrences of ulcer
complications from long-term low-dose aspirin use. N Engl J Med 2002;346:2033–2038. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012877
Casado Arroyo R, Polo-Tomas M, Roncalés MP, Scheiman J, Lanas A. Lower GI bleeding is more common than upper among
patients on dual antiplatelet therapy: long-term follow-up of a cohort of patients commonly using PPI co-therapy. Heart 2012;98:718–
https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2012-301632
Small DS, Farid NA, Payne CD, Weerakkody GJ, Li YG, Brandt JT, et al. Effects of the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole on the
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel and clopidogrel. J Clin Pharmacol 2008;48:475–484.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270008315310
Patterson t,Perkins Dios,Hassan Y,Moschonas k,Gris h,Curzen norte, et al. Tendencias temporales en la identificación, el
tratamiento y los resultados clínicos después de un paro cardíaco extrahospitalario: conocimientos de la base de datos del proyecto
nacional de auditoría de isquemia miocárdica.Interv Circ Cardiovascular 2018;11:e005346.
https://doi.org/10.1161/circinterventions.117.005346
krupa j,Nudo j,Ulmán j,Bednar F,Dohnálova A,Motovska z.Características y determinantes de la supervivencia en pacientes tras
un paro cardíaco extrahospitalario en la era de los centros de intervención coronaria 24 horas al día, 7 días a la semana.Circo
corazón-pulmón 2017;26:799–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2016.11.012
Dumas F, Cariou A, Manzo-Silberman S, Grimaldi D, Vivien B, Rosencher J, et al. Immediate percutaneous coronary intervention
is associated with better survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: insights from the PROCAT (Parisian Region Out of hospital
Cardiac ArresT) registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2010;3:200–207. https://doi.org/10.1161/circinterventions.109.913665
Rab T, Kern KB, Tamis-Holland JE, Henry TD, McDaniel M, Dickert NW, et al. Cardiac arrest: a treatment algorithm for emergent
invasive cardiac procedures in the resuscitated comatose patient. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:62–73.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.009
R.F.S Revista Facultad de Salud Síndrome coronario agudo: más allá de la troponina.
Número suplementar, diciembre 2023: 37-57
R.F.S. Revista Facultad de Salud 56
Gorjup V, Radsel P, Kocjancic ST, Erzen D, Noc M. Acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction after successful cardiopulmonary
resuscitation. Resuscitation 2007;72:379–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.07.013
Lemkes JS, Janssens GN, van der Hoeven NW, Jewbali LSD, Dubois EA, Meuwissen MM, et al. Coronary angiography after
cardiac arrest without ST segment elevation: one-year outcomes of the COACT randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol
;5:1358–1365. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3670
Desch S, Freund A, Akin I, Behnes M, Preusch MR, Zelniker TA, et al. Angiography after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest without STsegment elevation. N Engl J Med 2021;385:2544–2553. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2101909
Kern KB, Radsel P, Jentzer JC, Seder DB, Lee KS, Lotun K, et al. Randomized pilot clinical trial of early coronary angiography
versus no early coronary angiography after cardiac arrest without ST-segment elevation: the PEARL study. Circulation
;142:2002–2012. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.049569
Hauw-Berlemont C, Lamhaut L, Diehl JL, Andreotti C, Varenne O, Leroux P, et al. Emergency vs delayed coronary angiogram in
survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: results of the randomized, multicentric EMERGE trial. JAMA Cardiol 2022;7:700–707.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2022.1416
Hassager C, Schmidt H, Møller JE, Grand J, Mølstrøm S, Beske RP, et al. Duration of device-based fever prevention after cardiac
arrest. N Engl J Med 2023;388:888–897. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2212528
Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD, et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction
complicated by cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 1999;341:625–634. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199908263410901
White HD, Assmann SF, Sanborn TA, Jacobs AK, Webb JG, Sleeper LA, et al. Comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention
and coronary artery bypass grafting after acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: results from the Should We
Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock (SHOCK) trial. Circulation 2005;112:1992–2001.
https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.105.540948
Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Dzavik V, Buller CE, Aylward P, et al. Early revascularization and long-term survival in
cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 2006;295:2511–2515. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.21.2511
Liakopoulos OJ, Schlachtenberger G, Wendt D, Choi Y-H, Slottosch I, Welp H, et al. Early clinical outcomes of surgical myocardial
revascularization for acute coronary syndromes complicated by cardiogenic shock: a report from the north-Rhine-Westphalia
surgical myocardial infarction registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e012049. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.012049
Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, Ferenc M, Olbrich H-G, Hausleiter J, et al. Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction
with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1287–1296. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1208410
Schrage B, Ibrahim K, Loehn T, Werner N, Sinning J-M, Pappalardo F, et al. Impella support for acute myocardial infarction
complicated by cardiogenic shock. Circulation 2019;139:1249–1258. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.118.036614
Miller PE, Bromfield SG, Ma Q, Crawford G, Whitney J, DeVries A, et al. Clinical outcomes and cost associated with an intravascular
microaxial left ventricular assist device vs intra-aortic balloon pump in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction
complicated by cardiogenic shock. JAMA Intern Med 2022;182:926–933. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2735
Ostadal P, Rokyta R, Karasek J, Kruger A, Vondrakova D, Janotka M, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the therapy
of cardiogenic shock: results of the ECMO-CS randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2022;147:454–464.
https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.122.062949
Schmitt J, Duray G, Gersh BJ, Hohnloser SH. Atrial fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review of the incidence,
clinical features and prognostic implications. Eur Heart J 2009;30:1038–1045. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn579
Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, Arbelo E, Bax JJ, Blomström-Lundqvist C, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and
management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS).
The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed
with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2021;42:373–498.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612
Cannon CP, Bhatt DL, Oldgren J, Lip GYH, Ellis SG, Kimura T, et al. Dual antithrombotic therapy with dabigatran after PCI in atrial
fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2017;377:1513–1524. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1708454
Dewilde WJ, Oirbans T, Verheugt FW, Kelder JC, De Smet BJGL, Herrman J-P, et al. Use of clopidogrel with or without aspirin in
patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an open-label, randomised,
controlled trial. Lancet 2013;381:1107–1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62177-1
Lopes RD, Heizer G, Aronson R, Vora AN, Massaro T, Mehran R, et al. Antithrombotic therapy after acute coronary syndrome or
PCI in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2019;380:1509–1524. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1817083
R.F.S Revista Facultad de Salud Síndrome coronario agudo: más allá de la troponina.
Número suplementar, diciembre 2023: 37-57
R.F.S. Revista Facultad de Salud 57
Gargiulo G, Goette A, Tijssen J, Eckardt L, Lewalter T, Vranckx P, et al. Safety and efficacy outcomes of double vs. triple
antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation following percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and metaanalysis of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant-based randomized clinical trials. Eur Heart J 2019;40:3757–3767.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz732
Matsumura-Nakano Y, Shizuta S, Komasa A, Morimoto T, Masuda H, Shiomi H, et al. Open-label randomized trial comparing oral
anticoagulation with and without single antiplatelet therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and stable coronary artery disease
beyond 1 year after coronary stent implantation. Circulation 2019;139:604–616. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.118.036768
Velders MA, Boden H, Hofma SH, Osanto S, van der Hoeven BL, Heestermans AACM, et al. Outcome after ST elevation
myocardial infarction in patients with cancer treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2013;112:1867–
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.08.019
Bharadwaj A, Potts J, Mohamed MO, Parwani P, Swamy P, Lopez-Mattei JC, et al. Acute myocardial infarction treatments and
outcomes in 6.5 million patients with a current or historical diagnosis of cancer in the USA. Eur Heart J 2020;41:2183–2193.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz851
Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS, Asteggiano R, Aznar MC, Bergler-Klein J, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology
developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and
Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS): developed by the Task Force on cardio-oncology of
the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2022;43:4229–4361. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244
Potts JE, Iliescu CA, Lopez Mattei JC, Martinez SC, Holmvang L, Ludman P, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention in cancer
patients: a report of the prevalence and outcomes in the United States. Eur Heart J 2019;40:1790–1800.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy769
Pothineni NV, Shah NN, Rochlani Y, Saad M, Kovelamudi S, Marmagkiolis K, et al. Temporal trends and outcomes of acute
myocardial infarction in patients with cancer. Ann Transl Med 2017;5:482. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2017.11.29
Mohamed MO, Van Spall HGC, Kontopantelis E, Alkhouli M, Barac A, Elgendy IY, et al. Effect of primary percutaneous coronary
intervention on in-hospital outcomes among active cancer patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a propensity
score matching analysis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2021;10:829–839. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjacc/zuaa032
Guddati AK, Joy PS, Kumar G. Analysis of outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention in metastatic cancer patients with acute
coronary syndrome over a 10-year period. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016;142:471–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-015-2056-
Gevaert SA, Halvorsen S, Sinnaeve PR, Sambola A, Gulati G, Lancellotti P, et al. Evaluation and management of cancer patients
presenting with acute cardiovascular disease: a Consensus Document of the Acute CardioVascular Care (ACVC) association and
the ESC Council of Cardio-Oncology-Part 1: acute coronary syndromes and acute pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J Acute
Cardiovasc Care 2021;10:947–959. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjacc/zuab056
