Hormonal and molecular control of prostate gland growth
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Prostatic growth control and prostatic physiology are based on complex interactions among steroid hormones; specifically they are the metabolic pathways of their biosynthesis and degradation those that take part in the gland growth. Peptide hormones are also involved and growth factors and interactions between epithelium and stroma.
Prostatic development is characterized by a stage of fetal induction, of ductule branching. of postnatal cell differentiation and another stage of growth during puberty. The latter, is a consequence of testicular production of testosterone (T). Conversion of T into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), catalyzed by 5-α reductase enzyme, is important for the embryonic origin of the gland. This androgenic dependence is also demonstrated in adults, on whom deprivation of this hormone leads to a drastic prostatic regression.
In addition to androgens, other hormones like progesterone and estrogens play important roles in prostate physiology. In particular, the latter is a regulatory factor during the normal development of the gland, but sometimes it has been considered as an inducing agent of some pathologies during aging process. Finally, enzyme action like aromatase and others related to T conversion and DHT in compounds with no androgenic activity, like the 3-hidroxi-steroid dehydrogenase (3-HSD) and the 3-adiol-hidroxilase (CYP7B1), along with the coordinate expression of steroid hormone receptors, supply the necessary balance for the normal prostatic development. This review focuses on the action of steroid hormones in different stages of prostatic development. It also describes the general action of endocrine disruptors whose effect on sexual maturity depends on the administration period and on exposure time to them.
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