Effects of rainfall variability on coffee phenology: case Xalapa-Coatepec coffee zone, Ver. Mex.
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The availability of water is a priority factor for agriculture. The precipitation is the main water source for perennial crops such as coffee; however, the change in the distribution of precipitation, due to climatic variability, could affect its development, since coffee cultivation has been shown to be sensitive to changes in weather patterns. Therefore, the objective of this research was to identify the effect of precipitation variability on coffee phenology (Coffea arabica) from a case study in the Xalapa-Coatepec coffee zone, Veracruz (Mexico). A plot of shade coffee (var. Garnica with trees Acrocarpus fraxinifolius) was delimited (19.51998° N, 96.94339° W; 1320 m asl). Weekly observations were made of 30 coffee plants (one plagiotrophic branch) to determine the start and duration of the phenological phases. Microclimatic variables were measured with an automatic weather station (Davis Vantage). An automated rain gauge (HOBO Onset) was installed 30 m from the experimental plot, in an open site. The monitoring was carried out during two production periods (May 2017 to May 2019). The phenological variables were related to rainfall conditions. The evaluated period was influenced by the phenomena of La Niña (productive period 2017-2018) and El Niño (productive period 2018-2019), presenting rainfall above and below the annual average, respectively. The growth and filling and maturation phases, of the 2018-2019 production period, were more extensive perhaps due to the low availability of water caused by midsummer drought (July) and pre-summer drought (January-February). The monitoring of the rainfall conditions and their variability will allow planning and implementing strategies to reduce the effects of dry periods.
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