A Conceptual Approach to Biocultural Rights: Origin and Consolidation
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Currently, environmental movements are strengthening their discourse on protecting ecological rights and the environment, gaining increasing recognition in constitutional charters and, in some cases, through judicialization in various countries. A new concept is emerging that views the environment and ecosystems not merely as objects of care but as central elements in developing communities and societies. The 21st century has witnessed severe environmental degradation caused by human activity, prompting a thorough analysis of the available alternatives for environmental protection and the restoration of damaged ecosystems.
As a science, law is not immune to these issues and must integrate with other fields of knowledge to find global solutions that affect all humanity and commit future generations. There is an ongoing debate about a new category of rights, which is not limited to humans but could also include inanimate elements of nature, based on the growing arguments on the subject.
A new category of rights is being developed that considers nature as a rights-bearing subject, deepening our responsibility for using natural resources and our intervention through legal principles to defend this common good. The current discussion on ecological rights has been more reactive than preventive, primarily arising from the need to restore ecosystems that have already collapsed due to resource exploitation and pollution.
Examples such as the Whanganui River in New Zealand, the Ganges River in India, and the Atrato River in Colombia illustrate the initial steps toward recognizing the rights of rivers, opening debates about their legal validity. The drive to develop and define this new category of rights comes from academic and scientific fields, expecting that research will lead to solid argumentative bases and robust scientific results.
This approach has national and international implications, including determining protective actions, identifying legitimately interested parties, and reviewing the effectiveness of related judicial decisions. In summary, this document explores the emergence and application of biocultural rights, considering the complexity of 21st-century climate and ecosystem changes, along with the emergence of the concept of the “Anthropocene” and new visions of “nature-culture”, in the pursuit of climate justice within a global legal framework.
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